SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
Madhukar D. Shende
Vs.
Tarabai Aba Shedage
C.A.No.110 of 2002
(R.C. Lahoti and Brijesh Kumar JJ.)
09.01.2002
JUDGMENT
R.C. Lahoti, J.
1. The plaintiff, who has lost in a suit for declaration of titleand issuance of preventive injunction, in the alternative for recovery of possession, from the courts below as also the High Court, has filed this petition seeking special leave to file appeal. Leave granted. The suit property is situated at Shaniwar Peth, Satara n the State of Maharashtra. It bears C.T.S. No.876 and admeasures 218 sq. meters. It is not disputed between the parties that the suit property was initially wned by late Bhagubai who expired on 24th September, 1963. According to the plaintiff, late Bhagubai executed a registered deed of will on 22nd September, 1963 infavour of Chingubai, who is none else than her own sister's daughter. Having inherited the property under the will ofBhagubai, Chingubai transferred her title and possession to the laintiff under a registered deed of sale dated 24th September, 1976 for a consideration of Rs.5,000/-. The suit was filed som time in the year 1976 itself alleging that defendant wasthreatening to dispossess the plaintiff and was claiming title in herself. The defendant, in her written statement, submitted that the property had come to vest in one Babu Kanha Mali who had orally gifted the same to the defendant 35 or 40 years prior to the institution of the suit and therefore the title in the suit propertyvested in her. A plea of plaintiff's title having been extinguished and the same having vested in the defendant by adversepossession was also raised in the written statement. The trial court found the will dated 22nd September 1963 not proved, and so the plaintiff having not acquired any title under the sale deed executed by Chingubai in his favour, and therefore, directed thesuit to be dismissed.
2. The plaintiff preferred an appeal. He also sought for an amendment of the plaint so as to seek relief of recovery of possession in alternative to the relief of reventive injunction, in the event of the defendant being found in possession of the suit property. The amendment was allowed. However, on merits the appellate court affirmed the finding of the trial court that the will ated 22nd September 1963 was not proved. This finding has been maintained by the High Court while dismissing the second appeal preferred by the plaintiff. It is pertinent to note that before the High Court, the learned counsel for the defendant did not dispute that the defendant's title in the suit property was notproved. The learned counsel for the defendant also gave up the plea of acquisition of title by adverse possession by the fendant. It was conceded before the High Court that the title in the suit property undisputedly vested in Bhagubai to begin with and the sale deed dated 24th September, 1976 by Chingubai in favour of the plaintiff was also proved. The only question surviving for consideration was whether the approach of the courts below while recording a finding of non-proof of the will dated 22nd September, 1963 allegedly executed by Bhagubai in favour of Chingubai was vitiated by error of law and in substance that was the substantial question of law on which the second appeal was admitted for hearing y the High Court. The same question arises for consideration before this Court.
3. Having heard the learned counsel for the parties, we are ofthe opinion that the findings of the trial court and the first appellate court as also of the High Court re itiated for adoptingan approach not permitted by law and because of overlooking thematerial and relevant legal considerations.
4. The High Court has in its judgment summed up the so- called suspicious circumstances centering around the execution of the will, and found by the courts elow, as under:-
“1. At the time of execution of the will, late Bhagubai was about 80 years of age and there is complete absence of anymedical evidence to show sound and isposing state of mind of the executant;
2. The will was executed on 22nd September, 1963 and within two days thereafter on 24th September, 1963, the executant expired;
3. The Sub-Registrar went to the house of the executant for registration of the will though his office was situated only half a furlong away from the residence of he executant and no reason has been assigned why the executant could not have gone to the office of the Sub-Registrar if she was in a sound mental and physical state;
4. Chingubai, the plaintiff and beneficiary under the will, has not been examined; Vasant, son of Chingubai, examined in evidence is not a witness to the execution of will; 5. Mohammed and Narhari, the two attesting witnesses to the will, also examined in the Court, were classmates of Vasant.”
5. Shri Subrat Birla, the learned counsel for the appellant has ubmitted that an issue as to the execution of will has to be determined in a civil case like any other issue of fact though certain additional considerations become relevant because of the document being a will in a dispute relating to which the executant is notavailable to depose to the factum of execution and the will may have the effect of interfering with the ordinary and natural course of succession. In any case, submitted the learned counsel, evidence relating to execution of will cannot be appreciated with an eye of suspicion and assuming the existence of certain circumstances as suspicious though there is no suspicion about them. He further submitted that in a given case, whether the burden of proof relating to xecution of will has been discharged or not should be appreciated inthe background of relationship and status of the parties between homthe dispute has arisen. Mr. Bhasme, the learned counsel for defendant, submitted that the concurrent findings of fact arrived at by the courts below and maintained by the High Court do not call for any interference. The requirement of proof of a will is the same as any other document excepting that the evidence tendered in proof of a willshould additionally satisfy the requirement of Section 63 of the Indian Succession Act, 1925 and Section 68 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872. If after considering the matters before it, that is, the facts andcircumstances as emanating from the material available on record of agiven case, the court either believes that the will was duly executed by the testator or considers the existence of such fact so probable that any prudent person ought, under the circumstances of that particular case, to act upon the supposition that the will was duly executed by the testator, then the factum of execution of will shall be said to havebeen proved. The delicate structure of proof framed by a judicially trained mind cannot stand on weak foundation nor survive anyinherent defects therein but at the same time ought not to be permittedto be demolished by wayward pelting of stones of suspicion and supposition by wayfarers and waylayers. What was told by Baron Alderson to the Jury in R v. Hodge 1838, 2 Lewis CC 227 may be apposite to some extent "The mind was apt to take a pleasure inadapting circumstances to one another and even in straining them a little, if need be, to force them to form parts of one connected hole; and the more ingenuous the mind of the individual, the more likely was it, considering such matters, to verreach and mislead itself, to supply some little link that is wanting, to take for granted some fact consistent with its previous theories and necessary to render them complete." The conscience of the court has to be satisfied by the propounder of will adducing evidence so as to dispel any suspicions or unnatural circumstances attaching to a will provided that there is something unnatural or suspicious about the will. The law of evidence does not permit conjecture or suspicion having the place oflegal proof nor permit them to demolish a fact otherwise proved by legal and convincing evidence. Well founded suspicion may be aground for closer scrutiny of evidence but suspicion alone cannot form the foundation of a judicial verdict positive or negative.
6. It is well-settled that one who propounds a will must establish the competence of the testator to make the will at the time when it was executed. The onus is discharged by the propounder adducing prima facie evidence proving the competence of the testator and execution ofthe will in the manner contemplated by law. The contestant opposing the will may bring material on record meeting such prima facie case inwhich event the onus would shift back on the propounder to satisfyhe court affirmatively that the testator did know well the contents of the will and in sound disposing capacity executed the same. The factors, such as the will being a natural one or being registered or xecuted in such circumstances and ambience, as would leave no room for suspicion, ssume significance. If there is nothing unnatural about the transaction and the evidence adduced satisfies the requirement of proving a will, the court would not return a finding of'not proved' merely on account of certain assumed suspicion or supposition. Who are the persons propounding and supporting a will as against the person disputing the will and the pleadings of the partieswould be relevant and of significance.
7. The factum of will having been executed by Bhagubai in favour of Chingubai, the sister's daughter, bequeathing the suit property is specifically alleged in the plaint. In the written statement exceptingfor a bare denial, there is no other pleading raised questioning the sane disposing capacity of Bhagubai at the time of execution of will. It isrue that the plaintiff Chingubai did not appear in the witness box but that is because she was indisposed. Her son has appeared in the witness box. The two attesting witnesses on account of being known to Chingubai's son, being his classmates, were known to the family,and therefore, were natural witness to be called to attest the execution of will. On account of their acquaintance with the family, they could have naturally known and identified the executant. Merely because ofbeing classmates they would be interested in obliging their classmates' mother so as to benefits her and go to the extent of falselydeposing is too far fetched an inference to draw. The contents of the will, coupled with oral evidence, show that for last 25/30 years, Chingubai had taken care of Bhagubai and it was due to love and ffection of Bhagubai for Chingubai that the former was bequeathing her properties in favour of Chingubai. Chingubai is none else thanBhagubai's sister's daughter and probably the only heir. There is nothing to suggest that Bhagubai had nyone else than Chingubai, who could be a closer heir or relation of Bhagubai and with whom Bhagubai could have spent her last days. No other relation of Bhagubai, who would have succeeded to the estate of Bhagubai if thewill would not have been there, has come forward to dispute or to object to the will. The challenge is thrown by a stranger to the family and one who has trespassed upon the property. There is another very important piece of evidence. There are four properties bequeathed by the same will by late Bhagubai in favour of Chingubai. One of those four pieces of property (and not the property in dispute in the present proceedings) has been earlier a subject matter of dispute and litigation between these very parties. Itappears that such other property was held by Tarabai, the defendantrespondent as a tenant of Bhagubai while the property CTS No.876(subject matter of dispute in the present proceedings) was trespassedupon by Tarabai. As to the tenancy premises, Chingubai filed a suit for ejectment against Tarabai after terminating her tenancy and claiming right to sue by virtue of this very will dated 22.9.63. In thatsuit also Tarabai, the defendant-respondent, had denied the will. The suit was dismissed by the trial court. The plaintiff Chingubaipreferred an appeal in the court of District Judge, Satara which was allowed. In its judgment dated 30.8.1966, the learned District Judgewhile dealing with the will held inter alia as under:
"Bhagubai was a helpless widow staying in herold age under the protection of Chingubai at her place and she appears to have insignificantly small property and naturally she would desire to give this property to the person who was looking after her in her old age when she had become helpless. The Sub-Registrar has examined the woman and beingsatisfied about the testamentary capacity of thewoman has registered the will. This also is the circumstance which has to be taken intoconsideration. Having regard to the fact that the Will is challenged by a mere tenant having no interest in the property except by adversepossession, the evidence which has been tendered is, in my view, adequate to prove the testamentarycapacity as well as the execution of the Will.Therefore, differing with the learned Judge of the trial court, I hold that the will has been duly propounded and the proof tendered for execution of the will and the proof of the fact that Bhagubaiwas having disposing state of mind at the time of the execution of the will are adequately proved inthis case. Under these circumstances I hold that Chingubai has succeeded in establishing the factthat the will propounded by her confers on her such interest as may be had by Bhagubai."
8. The defendant Smt. Tarabai filed a petition under Article 227 ofthe Constitution before the High Court laying challenge to the judgment of District Judge. The High Court by judgment dated 2.10.1970(inSpecial Civil Application No.1802 of 1966) while dealing with this very will recorded the following finding:
"In the first place, the Defendant has not led anyevidence whatsoever to raise any doubt about the evidence of the Plaintiff. Secondly, the will is attested and a registered document. Thirdly, theplaintiff has examined the attesting witness, who was in a position to judge whether Bhagubai was in a disposing state of mind or not. Now, thefinding of this issue essentially is a finding of fact and I cannot conceive any reason why this one sided evidence could not have been believed by the lower appellate court."
9. The finding of the lower Appellate Court holding the will to be a duly attested and registered document executed by Bhagubai wasupheld. This finding has been discarded in the present proceedings by all the three courts, up to the High Court, on a singular reasoning thatthe property in the earlier suit being a different one, the finding as to excution of the will could not be res judicata in the present proceeding though the parties are same. To our mind, the three courts upto the High Court have all missed something significant as stated hereinafter. Shri Subrat Birla the learned counsel for the plaintiff-appellant submitted that the above said decisions which are inter party would constitute res judicata for the purpose of the present suit and the finding that the will dated 22.9.1963 is a duly executed last will and testament of late Bhagubai could not have been re-agitated by the defendant-respondent in the present suit. On the other hand, Shri Bhasme the learned counsel for the defendant-respondent submittedthat the previous suit, though between the same parties, related to someother property and was based on landlord-tenant relationship and any finding recorded in the decision therein would not constitute res judicata in the present suit which is a title suit. We are not inclined, inthe facts and circumstances of this case, to weigh the admissibility andbinding efficacy of the decision rendered in the earlier suit on thedoctrine of res judicata and holding the earlier decisions as conclusive between the parties. Res judicata is a mixed question of fact and law.We do not find the plea of res judicata having been raised in the plaint.Copies of pleadings and issues framed in the earlier suit have not been tendered in evidence and we do not find any issue on res judicatahaving been framed and tried between the parties in the present suit. No submission raising the plea of res judicata was made before any ofthe courts below or the High Court. We do not think such a plea can be permitted to be raised before this Court for the first time and at the hearing. However, still it cannot be lost sight of that the earlier litigation was between the same parties wherein this very will wasrelied on by this very plaintiff in support of his title to the property in dispute therein. The plaintiff's right to sue based on this very will was claimed and asserted in the earlier suit and was upheld though deniedby this very defendant. These facts and finding are recorded in the previous judgment and have relevance in the present suit. [Also see,Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams Vs. K.M. Krishnaiah1]. Thus away from res judicata the judgment given in the earlier suit is relevant piece of evidence under Sections 11, 13 and 35 ofthe Evidence Act and has a material bearing on the controversy arising for decision in the present suit. This material aspect has beencompletely overlooked by the High Court and the courts below. A relevant and material piece of documentary evidence, of undoubted veracity, has been ignored and that is a serious error of law having a vitiating effect on the finding on most vital issue in the case.Other reasonings of the trial court and the first appellate Court, for holding the will not proved, too, to say the least, verge on absurdity.Bhagubai died a day after the execution and registration of the will. There is nothing to show that Bhagubai was physically or mentallyincapacitated from executing the will. On the one hand, the courts below have questioned the propriety of the Sub-Registrar having come to the house of Bhagubai for registering the will on the ground as towhy Bhagubai could not have gone to the office of Registrar on an assumption that she was fit to do so and yet the mental capacity of Bhagubai to execute the will has been doubted. The two attestingwitnesses have been held to be 'interested' on the ground of their being classfellows of Chingubai's son and on the other hand, it has beendoubted whether they would have known and identified the executant. There is nothing to doubt the mental and physical capacity of Bhagubaibut the same has been suspected because of "complete absence of any medical evidence, of a doctor which would show that the testator was in a sound and disposing state of mind". There is no rule of law or of evidence which requires a doctor to be kept present when a will isexecuted. In short, the courts below have allowed their findings to be influenced by such suspicion and conjectures as have no foundation in the evidence and have no relevance in the facts and circumstances of the case and unwittingly allowed their process of judicial thinking to bevitiated by irrelevant reasonings and considerations. The weighty factor that the factum of execution of will by Bhagubai was being denied by a rank trespasser without raising any specific pleadings and the fact that no relation of Bhagubai has chosen to lay a challenge to the will, have been simply overlooked. In our opinion, the High Courtought not to have sustained such a perverse finding which would result in the property of a rightful owner being ost to a trespasser.
10. The appeal is allowed. The judgment and decree of the Trial Court as upheld by the first Appellate Court and the High Court are set aside. Instead the suit filed by the plaintiff is directed to be decreed . The plaintiff is declared to be the owner of the suit property and entitled to recovery of possession from the defendant. The defendant shall handover vacant and peaceful possession of the suit property to the plaintiff within a period of two months from today failing which the plaintiff shall be entitled to execute the decree and recover possession. Theplaintiff appellant shall also be entitled to costs throughout.
1(1998) 3 SCC 331