SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
State of Gujarat and Another
Vs
Karshanbhai K. Rabari and Others
Appeal (Civil) 3018 of 2006 (Arising Out of Slp (C) No 6979 of 2005)
(Arijit Pasayat and L. S. Panta, JJ)
18.07.2006
ARIJIT PASAYAT, J.
Leave granted.
The State of Gujarat and Superintending Engineer, Capital Project Circle,
Gandhinagar, Gujarat, question legality of the judgment rendered by a Division
Bench of the Gujarat High Court . By the impugned judgment the Division Bench
set aside the judgment of a learned Single judge who had dismissed the writ
petition filed by the respondents. Learned Single Judge held that the
respondents were daily workers who were temporarily appointed for transitory
work on a work charge basis and could not be treated at par with regular
employees who were appointed on the basis of Recruitment Rules.
The Division Bench by the impugned judgment held that the respondents were
entitled to all the benefits available to permanent employees of the State
Government under the Government Resolution dated 17.10.1988 and no order
diluting/reversing the same can/could be passed by any other
Authority/Functionaries of the State Government. Accordingly the Letters Patent
Appeal filed by the respondents was allowed and the Communication/Order dated
12.8.1991 by the State Government was quashed. It was held that benefits apart
from those clearly mentioned in the resolution dated 17.10.1988 like leave
travel concession, leave increment, various advances, allotment of Government
quarter were admissible to daily wagers covered under the said resolution.
Learned counsel for the appellant submitted that the view expressed by the
Division Bench is clearly contrary to what has been stated by a Constitution
Bench of this Court in Secretary, State of Karnataka and Others v. Umadevi and
Ors. 2006 (4) SCC 1 (relied on). It was further submitted that the
Division Bench erroneously held that other benefits apart from those expressly
mentioned in the Resolution dated 17.10.1988 were admissible as the expression
"etc"(etcetera) has been mentioned. It was submitted that the view
expressed in this Court is clearly contrary to what has been stated in Union of
India and Another v. Manu Dev Arya (relied on).
Learned counsel for the respondents on the other hand submitted that the High
Court has adopted the view necessary to be taken in the case of poor employees
who have been rendering services for a very long period.
We find that the case of the parties has to be considered in the light of what
has been stated by this Court in Uma Devi's case (supra). It has been inter
alia observed by the Constitution Bench as follows:
"Even at the threshold, it is necessary to keep in mind the distinction
between regularization and conferment of permanence in service jurisprudence.
In State of Mysore v. S.V. Narayanappa this Court stated that it was a
mis-conception to consider that regularization meant permanence. In R.N.
Nanjundappa v. T. Thimmiah and Anr. , this Court dealt with an argument that
regularization would mean conferring the quality of permanence on the
appointment. This Court stated:-
"Counsel on behalf of the respondent contended that regularization would
mean conferring the quality of permanence on the appointment, whereas counsel
on behalf of the State contended that regularization did not mean permanence
but that it was a case of regularization of the rules under Article 309. Both
the contentions are fallacious. If the appointment itself is in infraction of
the rules or if it is in violation of the provisions of the Constitution,
illegality cannot be regularized. Ratification or regularization is possible of
an act which is within the power and province of the authority, but there has
been some non-compliance with procedure or manner which does not go to the root
of the appointment. Regularization cannot be said to be a mode of recruitment.
To accede to such a proposition would be to introduce a new head of appointment
in defiance of rules or it may have the effect of setting at naught the rules."
In B.N. Nagarajan and Ors. v. State of Karnataka and Ors. this court
clearly held that the words "regular" or "regularization"
do not connote permanence and cannot be construed so as to convey an idea of
the nature of tenure of appointments. They are terms calculated to condone any
procedural irregularities and are meant to cure only such defects as are
attributable to methodology followed in making the appointments. This court
emphasized that when rules framed under Article 309 of the Constitution of
India are in force, no regularization is permissible in exercise of the
executive powers of the Government under Article 162 of the Constitution in
contravention of the rules. These decisions and the principles recognized
therein have not been dissented to by this Court and on principle, we see no
reason not to accept the proposition as enunciated in the above decisions. We
have, therefore, to keep this distinction in mind and proceed on the basis that
only something that is irregular for want of compliance with one of the
elements in the process of selection which does not go to the root of the
process, can be regularized and that it alone can be regularized and granting
permanence of employment is a totally different concept and cannot be equated with
regularization.
One aspect arises. Obviously, the State is also controlled by economic
considerations and financial implications of any public employment. The
viability of the department or the instrumentality or of the project is also of
equal concern for the State. The State works out the scheme taking into
consideration the financial implications and the economic aspects. Can the
court impose on the State a financial burden of this nature by insisting on
regularization or permanence in employment, when those employed temporarily are
not needed permanently or regularly? As an example, we can envisage a direction
to give permanent employment to all those who are being temporarily or casually
employed in a public sector undertaking. The burden may become so heavy by such
a direction that the undertaking itself may collapse under its own weight. It
is not as if this had not happened. So, the court ought not to impose a
financial burden on the State by such directions, as such directions may turn
counter- productive. In Director, Institute of Management Development, U.P. v.
Pushpa Srivastava (Smt.) 1992 (4) SCC 33, this Court held that since the
appointment was on purely contractual and ad hoc basis on consolidated pay for
a fixed period and terminable without notice, when the appointment came to an
end by efflux of time, the appointee had no right to continue in the post and
to claim regularization in service in the absence of any rule providing for
regularization after the period of service. A limited relief of directing that
the appointee be permitted on sympathetic consideration to be continued in
service till the end of the concerned calendar year was issued. This Court
noticed that when the appointment was purely on ad hoc and contractual basis
for a limited period, on the expiry of the period, the right to remain in the
post came to an end. This Court stated that the view they were taking was the
only view possible and set aside the judgment of the High Court which had given
relief to the appointee. This Court also quoted with approval the observations
of this Court in Teri Oat Estates (P) Ltd. v. U.T., Chandigarh 2004 (2)
SCC 130 to the effect:
"We have no doubt in our mind that sympathy or sentiment by itself cannot
be a ground for passing an order in relation whereto the appellants miserably
fail to establish a legal right. It is further trite that despite an
extraordinary constitutional jurisdiction contained in Article 142 of the
Constitution of India, this Court ordinarily would not pass an order which
would be in contravention of a statutory provision."
This decision kept in mind the distinction between 'regularization' and
'permanency' and laid down that regularization is not and cannot be the mode of
recruitment by any State. It also held that regularization cannot give
permanence to an employee whose services are ad hoc in nature. It is not
necessary to multiply authorities on this aspect. It is only necessary to refer
to one or two of the recent decisions in this context. In State of U.P. v. Niraj
Awasthi and Ors. 2006 (1) SCC 667 this Court after referring to a number
of prior decisions held that there was no power in the State under Art. 162 of
the Constitution of India to make appointments and even if there was any such
power, no appointment could be made in contravention of statutory rules. This
Court also held that past alleged regularisation or appointment does not
connote entitlement to further regularization or appointment. It was further
held that the High Court has no jurisdiction to frame a scheme by itself or
direct the framing of a scheme for regularization. This view was reiterated in
State of Karnataka v. KGSD Canteen Employees Welfare Association
So far as the entitlement of the respondents on the basis of the Resolution
dated 17.10.1988 where the word 'etc' has been used is concerned, has to be
considered in the light of what has been stated by this Court in Manu Dev
Arya's case (supra).
We, therefore, remit the matter to the High Court for fresh consideration,
keeping in view what has been indicated by this Court in Uma Devi's Case
(supra) and Manu Dev Arya's case (supra).
Accordingly, the appeal is allowed, but without any order as to costs.