SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

Mahavir

Vs

Lakhmi & Anr.

C.A.No.301 of 2007

(Arijit Pasayat and S.H.Kapadia,JJ.)

22.01.2007

JUDGMENT

Dr.Arijit Pasayat, J.

S.L.P. (C) Nos. 25897-25898 of 2004

 1. Heard learned counsel for the parties.

2. Leave granted.

3. These appeals are directed against the judgment passed by learned Single Judge of Punjab and Haryana High Court allowing the Second Appeal filed by the defendant and rejecting the application for review.

4. The plaintiff has filed the present appeals against the aforesaid orders.

5. Though several points were urged in support of the appeals, main ground was that the Second appeal was allowed without formulating a question of law.

6. In view of Section 100 of the Code Of Civil Procedure, 1908 (in short the 'Code') the memorandum of appeal shall precisely state substantial question or questions of law involved in the appeal as required under sub-section (3) of Section 100. Where the High Court is satisfied that in any case any substantial question of law is involved it shall formulate that question under sub-section (4) and the second appeal has to be heard on the question so formulated as stated in sub- section (5) of Section 100.

Section 100 of the Code deals with "Second Appeal". The provision reads as follows:

"Section 100- (1) Save as otherwise expressly provided in the body of this Code or by any other law for the time being in force, an appeal shall lie to the High Court from every decree passed in appeal by any Court subordinate to the High Court, if the High Court is satisfied that the case involves a substantial question of law.

(2) An appeal may lie under this section from an appellate decree passed ex parte.

(3) In an appeal under this Section, the memorandum of appeal shall precisely state the substantial question of law involved in the appeal.

(4) Where the High Court is satisfied that a substantial question of law is involved in any case, it shall formulate that question.

(5) The appeal shall be heard on the question so formulated and the respondent shall, at the hearing of the appeal, be allowed to argue that the case does not involve such question:

Provided that nothing in this sub-section shall be deemed to take away or abridge the power of the Court to hear, for reasons to be recorded, the appeal on any other substantial question of law, not formulated by it, if it is satisfied that the case involves such question." 

7. A perusal of the impugned judgment passed by the High Court does not show that any substantial question of law has been formulated or that the second appeal was heard on the question, if any, so formulated. That being so, the judgment cannot be maintained.

In Ishwar Dass Jain v. Sohan Lal¹ this Court in para 10, has stated thus:

"10. Now under Section 100 Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, after the 1976 Amendment, it is essential for the High Court to formulate a substantial question of law and it is not permissible to reverse the judgment of the first appellate Court without doing so."

8. Yet again in Roop Singh v. Ram Singh   this Court has expressed that the jurisdiction of a High Court is confined to appeals involving substantial question of law. Para 7 of the said judgment reads:

"7. It is to be reiterated that under section 100 Code Of Civil Procedure, 1908 jurisdiction of the High Court to entertain a second appeal is confined only to such appeals which involve a substantial question of law and it does not confer any jurisdiction on the High Court to interfere with pure questions of fact while exercising its jurisdiction under section 100 Code Of Civil Procedure, 1908. That apart, at the time of disposing of the matter the High Court did not even notice the question of law formulated by it at the time of admission of the second appeal as there is no reference of it in the impugned judgment. Further, the fact findings courts after appreciating the evidence held that the defendant entered into the possession of the premises as a batai, that is to say, as a tenant and his possession was permissive and there was no pleading or proof as to when it became adverse and hostile. These findings recorded by the two courts below were based on proper appreciation of evidence and the material on record and there was no perversity, illegality or irregularity in those findings. If the defendant got the possession of suit land as a lessee or under a batai agreement then from the permissive possession it is for him to establish by cogent and convincing evidence to show hostile animus and possession adverse to the knowledge of the real owner. Mere possession for a long time does not result in converting permissive possession into adverse possession (Thakur Kishan Singh v. Arvind Kumar  . Hence the High Court ought not to have interfered with the findings of fact recorded by both the courts below."

9. The position has been reiterated in Kanahaiyalal and Ors. v. Anupkumar and Ors.²  and Ram Sakhi Devi (Smt.) v. Chhatra Devi and Others³

The matter is remitted to the High Court, which shall formulate substantial questions of law, if any, and then deal with the matter. Needless to say if there is/are question(s) of law, the appeal has to be dismissed. We express no opinion in that regard.

Appeals are allowed without any orders as to costs.

¹(2000) 1 SCC 0434

²(2000) 3 SCC 0708

³(2003) 1 SCC 0430

⁴(2005) 6 SCC 0181