IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION

CIVIL APPEAL NOS. 4458-4459 OF 2015

(ARISING OUT OF SLP (C) NOS. 37108-37109 OF 2012)

|M/S. DHARAMPAL SATYAPAL LTD. |.....APPELLANT(S) |

|VERSUS | |

|DEPUTY COMMISSIONER OF CENTRAL EXCISE, |.....RESPONDENT(S) |

|GAUHATI & ORS. | |

J U D G M E N T

A.K. SIKRI, J.

Leave granted.

Union of India, vide Memorandum dated December 24, 1997, unveiled a new

industrial policy for the North-Eastern region. In the said policy, in

order to give stimulation to the development of industrial infrastructure

in the North-Eastern region, the said region was made tax free zone for a

period of ten years giving incentives to those who wanted to establish

industries in that region. Pursuant thereto, the Notification dated July

08, 1999 was issued granting new industrial units that had commercial

production on or after December 24, 1997 and certain types of industrial

units that increased their installed capacity after that date, exemption on

goods cleared from units located in growth centres and integrated

infrastructure centres.

The aforesaid Notification was issued under the provision of Central Excise

Act, 1944 as well as Additional Duties of Excise (Goods of Special

Importance) Act, 1957 and Additional Duties of Excise (Textiles and Textile

Articles) Act, 1978. However, on December 31, 1999, another Notification

was issued whereby exemption of central excise was withdrawn in respect of

goods falling under Chapter 21.06 (pan masala) and Chapter 24 (tobacco and

tobacco substitutes, including cigarettes, chewing tobacco etc.).

This withdrawal Notification was challenged by the appellant by filing the

writ petition in the High Court of Gauhati. The learned Single Judge

dismissed the writ petition. However, appeal preferred by the appellant

was allowed by the Division Bench vide judgment dated December 03, 2012.

In nutshell, the High Court held that the principal of Promissory Estoppel

shall apply and once a promise was given by the Union of India assuring

that no such duty would be charged for a period of ten years, it was not

open for the Union of India to withdraw the same. Challenging that

judgment, Union of India filed petitions for special leave. Leave was

granted and the petitions were registered as Civil Appeal Nos. 8841-8844 of

2003.

After the filing of the aforesaid appeals, certain subsequent events took

place. It so happened that vide Section 154 of the Finance Act, 2003

(hereinafter referred to as the 'Act of 2003'), withdrawal of the benefit

was effected from retrospective effect. Effect thereof was to withdraw the

benefit given under the Notification issued earlier. Validity of Section

154 was questioned and the issue was considered by this Court in R.C.

Tobacco Private Ltd. & Anr. v. Union of India & Anr.[1] This Court upheld

the constitutional validity of the aforesaid provision and repelled the

challenge so laid. The effect was to disentitle the appellant and other

similarly situated from getting any such benefit by virtue of Section 154

of the Act of 2003 and knocking down the basis of the judgment of the High

Court, which lost its validity on the aforesaid ground.

So far so good. The grievance of the appellant and other similarly

situated industries for not extending the benefit of Notification dated

July 08, 1999 is buried down. However, after notifying Section 154 of the

Act of 2003, which had nullified the effect of Notification No. 32 of 1999

retrospectively thereby annulling the effect thereof altogether, respondent

No.1 herein passed recovery order dated June 03, 2003 for recovery of a sum

of ?2,93,43,244 (rupees two crores ninety three lakhs forty three thousand

two hundred and forty four only) from the appellant, which was the benefit

that had been drawn by the appellant for the period November 1999 till

February 2001 in terms of the Notification No. 32 of 1999. By another

order dated June 06, 2003 issued by respondent No.1, the appellant was

directed to pay the excise duty for the said period for which the benefit

had been availed. He also rejected the pending claim of refund for the

period from March 2001 till May 31, 2003. These recovery orders were

challenged by the appellant by filing appeal before the Commissioner

(Appeals). Along with the appeal, the appellant also filed an application

for interim order seeking stay against the pre-deposit. On this

application, orders dated March 31, 2004 were passed by the Commissioner

(Appeals) directing the appellant to deposit entire duty amount within a

period of thirty days. This order of pre-deposit was challenged by the

appellant by filing four writ petitions in the High Court of Gauhati. The

learned Single Judge of the High Court, however, dismissed these writ

petitions vide orders dated May 18, 2004. The appellant carried this issue

of pre-deposit to a higher forum in the form of writ appeals before the

Division Bench of the said Court. Interim orders dated June 11, 2004 were

passed in the writ appeals directing the Commissioner (Appeals) not to

dismiss the appeals preferred by the appellant before him for non-deposit

of the duty amount. In other words, interim stay against the pre-deposit

was given. The Commissioner (Appeals) heard the appeals and passed the

orders dated June 15, 2005 deciding the appeals in favour of the appellant.

He held that issuance of show-cause notice was mandatory before a valid

recovery of demand could be made from the appellant and, thus, remitted the

matter to the adjudicating authority. After this final order was passed by

the Commissioner (Appeals), writ appeals of the appellant before the

Division Bench were disposed of as infructuous in view of the fact that the

Commissioner (Appeals) had passed an order on merits and, therefore, no

cause survived which required further adjudication in those appeals.

Insofar as the order of the Commissioner (Appeals) is concerned, both the

appellant as well as the Revenue felt aggrieved thereby. The appellant was

not satisfied with the order of remand and the nature of relief granted

even after accepting that issuance of show-cause notice was mandatory

before passing a valid recovery of demand. The respondents were aggrieved

of the order passed on merit holding that show-cause notice was mandatory.

Therefore, both the appellant as well as the Revenue filed appeals

aggrieved against the order dated June 15, 2005 passed by the Commissioner

(Appeals). The Customs Excise & Service Tax Appellate Tribunal (for short

'CESTAT') decided these appeals vide common order dated My 28, 2007. It

reversed the orders of the Commissioner (Appeals), which resulted in

allowing the appeal filed by the Revenue and dismissing the appeal

preferred by the appellant. A perusal of the judgment of the CESTAT

would reveal that it has primarily referred to the judgment of this Court

in R.C. Tobacco and held that the matter stood concluded by the said

judgment. The appellant challenged the order of CESTAT by filing Central

Excise Tax Reference No. 1 of 2008 before the High Court of Gauhati. This

Reference was dismissed by the High Court on December 01, 2011 on the

ground of res judicata holding that orders dated May 18, 2004 passed by the

Single Judge dismissing the writ petitions of the appellant had attained

finality. The appellant preferred Review Petition seeking review of the

said order, which has also been dismissed by the High Court on June 05,

2012. In the present appeals, the appellant has challenged both the orders

dated December 01, 2011 passed in the Tax Reference as well as the order

dated June 05, 2012 passed in the Review Petition.

From the brief narration of the background facts mentioned above, it is

apparent that the frontal attack of the appellant against the recovery

orders passed by the respondents is premised on the plea that no such

recovery proceedings could be initiated without a show-cause notice under

Section 11-A of the Excise Act. The appellant has also taken a plea in

these appeals that order of the Single Judge at pre-deposit stage could not

operate as res judicata on merits and, therefore, dismissal of the Tax

Reference by the High Court, and consequently the Review Petition, is

clearly erroneous and the High Court should have gone into the merits of

the issue decided by CESTAT.

As noted above, CESTAT has decided the case against the appellant on the

ground that issue now raised is covered by the judgment of this Court in

R.C. Tobacco (supra). As pointed out, in R.C. Tobacco (supra), this Court

has already upheld the validity of Section 154 of the Act of 2003 thereby

taking away the benefit of Notification No. 32 of 1999 retrospectively

insofar as excisable goods falling under Chapter 24 are concerned.

Conscious of the position that judgment in R.C. Tobacco (supra) stares at

the face of the appellant, Mr. Soli Sorabjee, learned senior counsel who

appeared for the appellant, has also made an endeavour to show that the

said judgment in R.C. Tobacco (supra) is in clear conflict with earlier

three Judge Bench judgment of this Court in M/s. J.K. Cotton Spinning and

Weaving Mills Ltd. v. Union of India[2]. Thus, following three issues have

arisen for consideration in these appeals:

(a) Whether order of the Single Judge at pre-deposit stage can operate as

res judicata on merits?

(b) Whether recovery proceedings can be initiated without show-cause

notice under Section 11A of the Excise Act, which is mandatory?

J.K. Cotton (supra) and R.C. Tobacco (supra)?

First issue is the basis for the judgment of the High

Court.

For answering this issue, it would be necessary to take into account the

complete implication thereof with reference to the nature of recovery

orders passed by respondent No.1, challenge thereto before the Commissioner

(Appeals) and interim order of pre-deposit passed by the Commissioner

(Appeals) on March 31, 2004 as also the nature of challenge which was laid

by the appellant against the said order of pre-deposit in the writ

petitions filed in the High Court, which were dismissed by the learned

Single Judge on May 18, 2004.

By virtue of Notification dated July 08, 1999, the appellant was granted

refund of the duty deposited in cash up to February 2001. After the

enactment of Section 154 of the Act of 2003, recovery order dated June 03,

2003 was passed for recovery of the aforesaid amount which had been

refunded to the appellant. Simultaneously, another order dated June 06,

2003 was issued asking the appellant to pay duty on the ground that such

goods were no more exempted from payment of duty. In the appeals which

were filed by the appellants before the Commissioner (Appeals) challenging

the aforesaid orders, the Commissioner passed interim orders dated March

31, 2004 directing the appellants to pay the amount demanded by the

aforesaid orders. This order dated March 31, 2004 of the Commissioner

(Appeals) reflects that the Commissioner went into various issues raised by

the appellant on the basis of which it was pleaded by the appellant that it

had a good case on merits and, therefore, condition of pre-deposit be

waived. Apart from the contention that no show-cause notice was given

before passing those orders, it was even argued that by making the

retrospective amendment in the form of Section 154 of the Act of 2003, the

only effect was to validate the earlier actions but no demand of refund of

any amount could be made and no refund of the amount already paid could be

claimed. It was also argued that the matter of recovery of amounts was

pending consideration of Central Board of Excise and Customs (CBEC) as well

as in the Gauhati High Court. All these issues were considered by the

Commissioner (Appeals), who gave his prima facie view thereupon observing

that the appellants did not have strong prima facie case on merits

resulting into the direction to deposit the entire amount within thirty

days.

The appellant had filed writ petitions against the aforesaid order of the

Commissioner (Appeals) with the prayer that the direction of the

Commissioner (Appeals) to deposit the entire amount within thirty days be

set aside and the prayer of pre-deposit of the appellant be accepted. No

doubt, while arguing for this relief, the appellant had raised various

contentions on the merits of the case in its endeavour to demonstrate that

it had a good case on merits. It is also borne from the record that the

learned Single Judge, while dismissing the writ petition, dealt with these

issues, which touched upon the merits of the main issue. That is the

reason that the order dated May 18, 2004 of the learned Single Judge

dismissing the writ petition of the appellant runs into 37 pages.

Nevertheless, we find that the observations which were made by the learned

Single Judge on the issues raised were only prima facie in nature and the

prime focus of the judgment rested on the core issue, namely, whether the

direction of the Commissioner (Appeals) directing the appellant to make

deposit of the amount as a pre-condition for hearing of the appeal was

sustainable or not. The writ petition was dismissed affirming the said

order. Therefore, any observations made by the learned Single Judge, which

were tentative in nature, could not be taken into consideration by the

Division Bench in the impugned judgment, thereby dismissing the Reference,

invoking the principle of res judicata. The order of the learned Single

Judge dismissing the writ petition was challenged before the Division Bench

and the Division Bench passed interim orders in the writ appeals not to

dismiss the appeals preferred by the appellant for non-deposit of the duty.

In this backdrop, appeals were heard and appellant even partly succeeded.

After the order of the Commissioner (Appeals) dated June 15, 2005 deciding

the appeals partly in favour of the appellant, the writ appeals which were

pending before the Division Bench had become infructuous and disposed of as

such without going into the merit of the order passed by the learned Single

Judge. This is yet another reason to hold that the order of the learned

Single Judge could not be treated as res judicata.

Having regard to the aforesaid position, we heard the instant appeal on

merits, namely, on the issue as to whether it was mandatory to issue show-

cause notice making an order of recovery. The Commissioner (Appeals) has

held it to be mandatory and this order of the Commissioner (Appeals) has

been set aside by the CESTAT. The Reference petition against the order of

CESTAT, though wrongly is dismissed on the ground of res judicata, the

impugned order shows that it has mentioned that such show-cause notice was

not mandatory as held by the learned Single Judge by order dated May 18,

2004.

Learned senior counsel appearing for the appellant as well as learned

Attorney General agreed that in this situation this Court may decide the

aforesaid issue finally. It is for this reason that we have heard counsel

for the parties at length on this aspect of the matter.

The neat submission made by Mr. Soli Sorabjee on behalf of the appellant

was that the impugned demand of the Assistant Commissioner was in the

nature of adjudication whereby the amount demanded in the order dated June

06, 2003 was crystallized and, therefore, there could not have been demand

for recovery of the stipulated amount without issuing notice to the

appellant and giving the appellant herein right of hearing. He also

submitted that merely because vires of Section 154 of the Act of 2003 were

upheld by this Court in R.C. Tobacco (supra) could not be a ground to

dispense with the aforesaid mandatory requirements of principles of natural

justice. His further submission was that 'no prejudice' principle adopted

by the CESTAT amounted to erroneous approach. He sought to draw a fine

distinction in this behalf by contending that the Authority passing the

order could not presume that prejudice would not be caused to a person

against whom the action is contemplated and on that presumption dispense

with the mandatory requirement of issuance of the notice. According to

him, such a doctrine could be applied only by the courts while dealing with

such issues where it is found that the action of the Authority was

violative of principles of natural justice, the Court could still choose

not to remit the case back to the concerned Authority if it finds that it

will be a futile exercise.

As a pure principle of law, we find substance and force in the aforesaid

submission of Mr. Sorabjee. No doubt, the Department was seeking to

recover the amount paid by virtue of Section 154 of the Act of 2003 which

was enacted retrospectively and the constitutional validity of the said

Section had already been upheld by this Court in R.C. Tobacco (supra) at

the time of issuance of notice for recovery. Further, no doubt, the effect

of the said amendment retrospectively was to take away the benefit which

was granted earlier. However, the question is whether before passing such

an order of recovery, whether it was necessary to comply with the

requirement of show-cause notice? The appellant wanted to contend that

Section 11A of the Excise Act was applicable, which requires this procedure

to be followed. Even if that provision is not applicable, it is

fundamental that before taking any adverse action against a person,

requirement of principles of natural justice is to be fulfilled. This

Court in Collector of Central Excise, Patna & Ors. v. I.T.C. Limited &

Anr.[3] has held that show-cause and personal hearing is necessary before

saddling an assessee with additional demand. It is also trite that when a

statute is silent, with no positive words in the Act or Rules spelling out

need to hear the party whose rights or interests are likely to be affected,

requirement to follow fair procedure before taking a decision must be read

into statute, unless the statute provides otherwise.

What is the genesis behind this requirement? Why it is necessary that

before an adverse action is taken against a person he is to be given notice

about the proposed action and be heard in the matter? Why is it treated as

inseparable and inextricable part of the doctrine of principles of natural

justice?

Natural justice is an expression of English Common Law. Natural justice is

not a single theory – it is a family of views. In one sense administering

justice itself is treated as natural virtue and, therefore, a part of

natural justice. It is also called 'naturalist' approach to the phrase

'natural justice' and is related to 'moral naturalism'. Moral naturalism

captures the essence of commonsense morality – that good and evil, right

and wrong, are the real features of the natural world that human reason can

comprehend. In this sense, it may comprehend virtue ethics and virtue

jurisprudence in relation to justice as all these are attributes of natural

justice. We are not addressing ourselves with this connotation of natural

justice here.

In Common Law, the concept and doctrine of natural justice, particularly

which is made applicable in the decision making by judicial and quasi-

judicial bodies, has assumed different connotation. It is developed with

this fundamental in mind that those whose duty is to decide, must act

judicially. They must deal with the question referred both without bias

and they must given to each of the parties to adequately present the case

made. It is perceived that the practice of aforesaid attributes in mind

only would lead to doing justice. Since these attributes are treated as

natural or fundamental, it is known as 'natural justice'. The principles

of natural justice developed over a period of time and which is still in

vogue and valid even today were: (i) rule against bias, i.e. nemo iudex in

causa sua; and (ii) opportunity of being heard to the concerned party, i.e.

audi alteram partem. These are known as principles of natural justice. To

these principles a third principle is added, which is of recent origin. It

is duty to give reasons in support of decision, namely, passing of a

'reasoned order'.

Though the aforesaid principles of natural justice are known to have their

origin in Common Law, even in India the principle is prevalent from ancient

times, which was even invoked in Kautilya's 'Arthashastra'. This Court in

the case of Mohinder Singh Gill & Anr. v. The Chief Election Commissioner,

New Delhi & Ors.[4] explained the Indian origin of these principles in the

following words:

“Indeed, natural justice is a pervasive facet of secular law where a

spiritual touch enlivens legislation, administration and adjudication, to

make fairness a creed of life. It has many colours and shades, many forms

and shapes and, save where valid law excludes, it applies when people are

affected by acts of authority. It is the bone of healthy government,

recognised from earliest times and not a mystic testament of judge-made

law. Indeed from the legendary days of Adam – and of Kautilya's

Arthashastra – the rule of law has had this stamp of natural justice, which

makes it social justice. We need not go into these deeps for the present

except to indicate that the roots of natural justice and its foliage are

noble and not new-fangled. Today its application must be sustained by

current legislation, case law or other extant principle, not the hoary

chords of legend and history. Our jurisprudence has sanctioned its

prevalence even like the Anglo-American system”.

Aristotle, before the era of Christ, spoke of such principles calling it as

universal law. Justinian in the fifth and sixth Centuries A.D. called it

'jura naturalia', i.e. natural law.

The principles have sound jurisprudential basis. Since the function of the

judicial and quasi-judicial authorities is to secure justice with fairness,

these principles provide great humanising factor intended to invest law

with fairness to secure justice and to prevent miscarriage of justice. The

principles are extended even to those who have to take administrative

decision and who are not necessarily discharging judicial or quasi-judicial

functions. They are a kind of code of fair administrative procedure. In

this context, procedure is not a matter of secondary importance as it is

only by procedural fairness shown in the decision making that decision

becomes acceptable. In its proper sense, thus, natural justice would mean

the natural sense of what is right and wrong.

This aspect of procedural fairness, namely, right to a fair hearing, would

mandate what is literally known as 'hearing the other side'. Prof. D.J.

Galligan[5] attempts to provide what he calls 'a general theory of fair

treatment' by exploring what it is that legal rules requiring procedural

fairness might seek to achieve. He underlines the importance of arriving

at correct decisions, which is not possible without adopting the aforesaid

procedural fairness, by emphasizing that taking of correct decisions would

demonstrate that the system is working well. On the other hand, if

mistakes are committed leading to incorrect decisions, it would mean that

the system is not working well and the social good is to that extent

diminished. The rule of procedure is to see that the law is applied

accurately and, as a consequence, that the social good is realised. For

taking this view, Galligan took support from Bentham[6], who wrote at

length about the need to follow such principles of natural justice in civil

and criminal trials and insisted that the said theory developed by Bentham

can be transposed to other forms of decision making as well. This

jurisprudence of advancing social good by adhering to the principles of

natural justice and arriving at correct decisions is explained by Galligan

in the following words:

“On this approach, the value of legal procedures is judged according to

their contribution to general social goals. The object is to advance

certain social goals, whether through administrative processes, or through

the civil or criminal trial. The law and its processes are simply

instruments for achieving some social good as determined from time to time

by the law makers of the society. Each case is an instance in achieving

the general goal, and a mistaken decision, whether to the benefit or the

detriment of a particular person, is simply a failure to achieve the

general good in that case. At this level of understanding, judgments of

fairness have no place, for all that matters is whether the social good, as

expressed through laws, is effectively achieved.”

Galligan also takes the idea of fair treatment to a second

level of understanding, namely, pursuit of common good involves the

distribution of benefits and burdens, advantages and disadvantages to

individuals (or groups). According to him, principles of justice are the

subject matter of fair treatment. However, that aspect need not be dilated.

Allan[7], on the other hand, justifies the procedural fairness by following

the aforesaid principles of natural justice as rooted in rule of law

leading to good governance. He supports Galligan in this respect and goes

to the extent by saying that it is same as ensuring dignity of individuals,

in respect of whom or against whom the decision is taken, in the following

words:

“The instrumental value of procedures should not be underestimated; the

accurate application of authoritative standards is, as Galligan clearly

explains, an important aspect of treating someone with respect. But

procedures also have intrinsic value in acknowledging a person's right to

understand his treatment, and thereby to determine his response as a

conscientious citizen, willing to make reasonable sacrifices for the public

good. If obedience to law ideally entails a recognition of its morally

obligatory character, there must be suitable opportunities to test its

moral credentials. Procedures may also be though to have intrinsic value

in so far as they constitute a fair balance between the demands of accuracy

and other social needs: where the moral harm entailed by erroneous

decisions is reasonably assessed and fairly distributed, procedures express

society's commitment to equal concern and respect for all.”

It, thus, cannot be denied that principles of natural

justice are grounded in procedural fairness which ensures taking of correct

decision and procedural fairness is fundamentally an instrumental good, in

the sense that procedure should be designed to ensure accurate or

appropriate outcomes. In fact, procedural fairness is valuable in both

instrumental and non-instrumental terms.

It is on the aforesaid jurisprudential premise that the fundamental

principles of natural justice, including audi alteram partem, have

developed. It is for this reason that the courts have consistently

insisted that such procedural fairness has to be adhered to before a

decision is made and infraction thereof has led to the quashing of

decisions taken. In many statutes, provisions are made ensuring that a

notice is given to a person against whom an order is likely to be passed

before a decision is made, but there may be instances where though an

authority is vested with the powers to pass such orders, which affect the

liberty or property of an individual but the statute may not contain a

provision for prior hearing. But what is important to be noted is that the

applicability of principles of natural jsutice is not dependent upon any

statutory provision. The principle has to be mandatorily applied

irrespective of the fact as to whether there is any such statutory

provision or not.

De Smith[8] captures the essence thus - “Where a statute

authorises interference with properties or other rights and is silent on

the question of hearing, the courts would apply rule of universal

application and founded on plainest principles of natural justice”.

Wade[9] also emphasizes that principles of natural justice

operate as implied mandatory requirements, non-observance of which

invalidates the exercise of power. In Cooper v. Sandworth Board of

Works[10] the Court laid down that: '...although there is no positive word

in the statute requiring that the party shall be heard, yet justice of

common law would supply the omission of Legislature”. Exhaustive

commentary explaining the varied contours of this principle can be traced

to the judgment of this Court in Managing Director, ECIL, Hyderabad & Ors.

v. B. Karunakar & Ors.[11], wherein the Court discussed plenty of previous

case law in restating the aforesaid principle, a glimpse whereof can be

found in the following passages:

“20. The origins of the law can also be traced to the principles of

natural justice, as developed in the following cases: In A. K. Kraipak v.

Union of India, (1969) 2 SCC 262 : (1970) 1 SCR 457, it was held that the

rules of natural justice operate in areas not covered by any law. They do

not supplant the law of the land but supplement it. They are not embodied

rules and their aim is to secure justice or to prevent miscarriage of

justice. If that is their purpose, there is no reason why they should not

be made applicable to administrative proceedings also especially when it is

not easy to draw the line that demarcates administrative enquiries from

quasi- judicial ones. An unjust decision in an administrative inquiry may

have a more far reaching effect than a decision in a quasi-judicial

inquiry. It was further observed that the concept of natural justice has

undergone a great deal of change in recent years. What particular rule of

natural justice should apply to a given case must depend to a great extent

on the facts and circumstances of that case, the framework of the law under

which the inquiry is held and the constitution of the tribunal or the body

of persons appointed for that purpose. Whenever a complaint is made before

a Court that some principle of natural justice has been contravened, the

Court has to decide whether the observance of that rule was necessary for a

just decision on the facts of that case. The rule that inquiry must be held

in good faith and without bias and not arbitrarily or unreasonably is now

included among the principles of natural justice.

21. In Chairman, Board of Mining Examination v. Ramjee, (1977) 2 SCC 256,

the Court has observed that natural justice is not an unruly horse, no

lurking landmine, nor a judicial cure-all. If fairness is shown by the

decision-maker to the man proceeded against, the form, features and the

fundamentals of such essential processual propriety being conditioned by

the facts and circumstances of each situation, no breach of natural justice

can be complained of. Unnatural expansion of natural justice, without

reference to the administrative realities and other factors of a given

case, can be exasperating. The Courts cannot look at law in the abstract or

natural justice as mere artifact. Nor can they fit into a rigid mould the

concept of reasonable opportunity. If the totality of circumstances

satisfies the Court that the party visited with adverse order has not

suffered from denial of reasonable opportunity, the Court will decline to

be punctilious or fanatical as if the rules of natural justice were sacred

scriptures.

22. In Institute of Chartered Accountants of India v. L. K. Ratna, (1986) 4

SCC 537, Charan Lal Sahu v. Union of India, (1990) 1 SCC 613 (Bhopal Gas

Leak Disaster Case) and C. B. Gautam v. Union of India, (1993) 1 SCC 78,

the doctrine that the principles of natural justice must be applied in the

unoccupied interstices of the statute unless there is a clear mandate to

the contrary, is reiterated.”

In his separate opinion, concurring on this fundamental

issue, Justice K. Ramaswamy echoed the aforesaid sentiments in the

following words:

“61. It is now settled law that the proceedings must be just, fair and

reasonable and negation thereof offends Articles 14 and 21. It is well

settled law that principles of natural justice are integral part of Article

14. No decision prejudicial to a party should be taken without affording an

opportunity or supplying the material which is the basis for the decision.

The enquiry report constitutes fresh material which has great persuasive

force or effect on the mind of the disciplinary authority. The supply of

the report along with the final order is like a post mortem certificate

with putrefying odour. The failure to supply copy thereof to the delinquent

would be unfair procedure offending not only Arts. 14, 21 and 311(2) of the

Constitution, but also, the principles of natural justice.”

Likewise, in C.B. Gautam v. Union of India & Ors.[12], this Court once

again held that principle of natural justice was applicable even though it

was not statutorily required. The Court took the view that even in the

absence of statutory provision to this effect, the authority was liable to

give notice to the affected parties while purchasing their properties under

Section 269-UD of the Income Tax Act, 1961. It was further observed that

the very fact that an imputation of tax evasion arises where an order for

compulsory purchase is made and such an imputation casts a slur on the

parties to the agreement to sell leads to the conclusion that before such

an imputation can be made against the parties concerned they must be given

an opportunity to show-cause that the under valuation in the agreement for

sale was not with a view to evade tax. It is, therefore, all the more

necessary that an opportunity of hearing is provided.

From the aforesaid discussion, it becomes clear that the opportunity to

provide hearing before making any decision was considered to be a basic

requirement in the Court proceeding. Later on, this principle was applied

to other quasi-judicial authorities and other tribunals and ultimately it

is now clearly laid down that even in the administrative actions, where the

decision of the authority may result in civil consequences, a hearing

before taking a decision is necessary. It was, thus, observed in A.K.

Kraipak's case (supra) that if the purpose of rules of natural justice is

to prevent miscarriage of justice, one fails to see how these rules should

not be made available to administrative inquiries. In the case of Maneka

Gandhi v. Union of India & Anr.[13] also the application of principle of

natural justice was extended to the administrative action of the State and

its authorities. It is, thus, clear that before taking an action, service

of notice and giving of hearing to the noticee is required. In Maharashtra

State Financial Corporation v. M/s. Suvarna Board Mills & Anr.[14], this

aspect was explained in the following manner:

“3. It has been contended before us by the learned counsel for the

appellant that principles of natural justice were satisfied before taking

action under Section 29, assuming that it was necessary to do so. Let it

be seen whether it was so. It is well settled that natural justice cannot

be placed in a straight-jacket; its rules are not embodied and they do vary

from case to case and from one fact-situation to another. All that has to

be seen is that no adverse civil consequences are allowed to ensue before

one is put on notice that the consequence would follow if he would not take

care of the lapse, because of which the action as made known is

contemplated. No particular form of notice is the demand of law: All will

depend on facts and circumstances of the case.”

In the case of East India Commercial Company Ltd., Calcutta & Anr. v. The

Collector of Customs, Calcutta[15], this Court held that whether the

statute provides for notice or not, it is incumbent upon the quasi-judicial

authority to issue a notice to the concerned persons disclosing the

circumstances under which proceedings are sought to be initiated against

them, failing which the conclusion would be that principle of natural

justice are violated. To the same effect are the following judgments:

a) U.O.I. & Ors. v. Madhumilan Syntex Pvt. Ltd. & Anr.[16]

b) Morarji Goculdas B&W Co. Ltd. & Anr. v. U.O.I. & Ors.[17]

c) Metal Forgings & Anr. v. U.O.I. & Ors.[18]

d) U.O.I. & Ors. v. Tata Yodogawa Ltd. & Anr.[19]

Therefore, we are inclined to hold that there was a requirement of issuance

of show-cause notice by the Deputy Commissioner before passing the order of

recovery, irrespective of the fact whether Section 11A of the Act is

attracted in the instant case or not.

But that is not the end of the matter. While the law on the principle of

audi alteram partem has progressed in the manner mentioned above, at the

same time, the Courts have also repeatedly remarked that the principles of

natural justice are very flexible principles. They cannot be applied in

any straight-jacket formula. It all depends upon the kind of functions

performed and to the extent to which a person is likely to be affected.

For this reason, certain exceptions to the aforesaid principles have been

invoked under certain circumstances. For example, the Courts have held

that it would be sufficient to allow a person to make a representation and

oral hearing may not be necessary in all cases, though in some matters,

depending upon the nature of the case, not only full-fledged oral hearing

but even cross-examination of witnesses is treated as necessary concomitant

of the principles of natural justice. Likewise, in service matters

relating to major punishment by way of disciplinary action, the requirement

is very strict and full-fledged opportunity is envisaged under the

statutory rules as well. On the other hand, in those cases where there is

an admission of charge, even when no such formal inquiry is held, the

punishment based on such admission is upheld. It is for this reason, in

certain circumstances, even post-decisional hearing is held to be

permissible. Further, the Courts have held that under certain

circumstances principles of natural justice may even be excluded by reason

of diverse factors like time, place, the apprehended danger and so on.

We are not concerned with these aspects in the present case as the issue

relates to giving of notice before taking action. While emphasizing that

the principles of natural justice cannot be applied in straight-jacket

formula, the aforesaid instances are given. We have highlighted the

jurisprudential basis of adhering to the principles of natural justice

which are grounded on the doctrine of procedural fairness, accuracy of

outcome leading to general social goals, etc. Nevertheless, there may be

situations wherein for some reason – perhaps because the evidence against

the individual is thought to be utterly compelling – it is felt that a fair

hearing 'would make no difference' – meaning that a hearing would not

change the ultimate conclusion reached by the decision-maker – then no

legal duty to supply a hearing arises. Such an approach was endorsed by

Lord Wilberforce in Malloch v. Aberdeen Corporation[20], who said that a

'breach of procedure...cannot give (rise to) a remedy in the courts, unless

behind it there is something of substance which has been lost by the

failure. The court dos not act in vain'. Relying on these comments,

Brandon LJ opined in Cinnamond v. British Airports Authority[21] that 'no

one can complain of not being given an opportunity to make representations

if such an opportunity would have availed him nothing'. In such

situations, fair procedures appear to serve no purpose since 'right' result

can be secured without according such treatment to the individual. In this

behalf, we need to notice one other exception which has been carved out to

the aforesaid principle by the Courts. Even if it is found by the Court

that there is a violation of principles of natural justice, the Courts have

held that it may not be necessary to strike down the action and refer the

matter back to the authorities to take fresh decision after complying with

the procedural requirement in those cases where non-grant of hearing has

not caused any prejudice to the person against whom the action is taken.

Therefore, every violation of a facet of natural justice may not lead to

the conclusion that order passed is always null and void. The validity of

the order has to be decided on the touchstone of 'prejudice'. The ultimate

test is always the same, viz., the test of prejudice or the test of fair

hearing.

In Managing Director, ECIL (supra), the majority opinion, penned down by

Sawant, J., while summing up the discussion and answering the various

questions posed, had to say as under qua the prejudice principle:

“30. Hence the incidental questions raised above may be answered as

follows:

xx xx xx

(v) The next question to be answered is what is the effect on the order of

punishment when the report of the enquiry officer is not furnished to the

employee and what relief should be granted to him in such cases. The

answer to this question has to be relative to the punishment awarded. When

the employee is dismissed or removed from service and the inquiry is set

aside because the report is not furnished to him, in some cases the non-

furnishing of the report may have prejudiced him gravely while in other

cases it may have made no difference to the ultimate punishment awarded to

him. Hence to direct reinstatement of the employee with back-wages in all

cases is to reduce the rules of justice to a mechanical ritual. The theory

of reasonable opportunity and the principles of natural justice have been

evolved to uphold the rule of law and to assist the individual to vindicate

his just rights. They are not incantations to be invoked nor rites to be

performed on all and sundry occasions. Whether in fact, prejudice has been

caused to the employee or not on account of the denial to him of the

report, has to be considered on the facts and circumstances of each case.

Where, therefore, even after the furnishing of the report, no different

consequence would have followed, it would be a perversion of justice to

permit the employee to resume duty and to get all the consequential

benefits. It amounts to rewarding the dishonest and the guilty and thus to

stretching the concept of justice to illogical and exasperating limits. It

amounts to an “unnatural expansion of natural justice” which in itself is

antithetical to justice.”

So far so good. However, an important question posed by Mr. Sorabjee is as

to whether it is open to the authority, which has to take a decision, to

dispense with the requirement of the principles of natural justice on the

ground that affording such an opportunity will not make any difference? To

put it otherwise, can the administrative authority dispense with the

requirement of issuing notice by itself deciding that no prejudice will be

caused to the person against whom the action is contemplated? Answer has

to be in the negative. It is not permissible for the authority to jump

over the compliance of the principles of natural justice on the ground that

even if hearing had been provided it would have served no useful purpose.

The opportunity of hearing will serve the purpose or not has to be

considered at a later stage and such things cannot be presumed by the

authority. This was so held by the English Court way back in the year 1943

in the case of General Medical Council v. Spackman[22]. This Court also

spoke in the same language in the case of The Board of High School and

Intermediate Education, U.P. & Ors. v. Kumari Chittra Srivastava &

Ors.[23], as is apparent from the following words:

“8. The learned counsel for the appellant, Mr. C.B. Aggarwal, contends

that the facts are not in dispute and it is further clear that no useful

purpose would have been served if the Board had served a show cause notice

on the petitioner. He says that in view of these circumstances it was not

necessary for the Board to have issued a show cause notice. We are unable

to accept this contention. Whether a duty arises in a particular case to

issue a show cause notice before inflicting a penalty does not depend on

the authority's satisfaction that the person to be penalised has no defence

but on the nature of the order proposed to be passed.”

In view of the aforesaid enunciation of law, Mr. Sorabjee may also be right

in his submission that it was not open for the authority to dispense with

the requirement of principles of natural justice on the presumption that no

prejudice is going to be caused to the appellant since judgment in R.C.

Tobacco (supra) had closed all the windows for the appellant.

At the same time, it cannot be denied that as far as Courts are concerned,

they are empowered to consider as to whether any purpose would be served in

remanding the case keeping in mind whether any prejudice is caused to the

person against whom the action is taken. This was so clarified in the case

of Managing Director, ECIL (supra) itself in the following words:

“31. Hence, in all cases where the enquiry officer's report is not

furnished to the delinquent employee in the disciplinary proceedings, the

Courts and Tribunals should cause the copy of the report to be furnished to

the aggrieved employee if he has not already secured it before coming to

the Court/ Tribunal and given the employee an opportunity to show how his

or her case was prejudiced because of the non-supply of the report. If

after hearing the parties, the Court/Tribunal comes to the conclusion that

the non-supply of the report would have made no difference to the ultimate

findings and the punishment given, the Court/Tribunal should not interfere

with the order of punishment. The Court/ Tribunal should not mechanically

set aside the order of punishment on the ground that the report was not

furnished as it regrettably being done at present. The courts should avoid

resorting to short cuts. Since it is the Courts/Tribunals which will apply

their judicial mind to the question and give their reasons for setting

aside or not setting aside the order of punishment, (and not any internal

appellate or revisional authority), there would be neither a breach of the

principles of natural justice nor a denial of the reasonable opportunity.

It is only if the Court/Tribunal finds that the furnishing of the report

would have made a difference to the result in the case that it should set

aside the order of punishment.”

Keeping in view the aforesaid principles in mind, even when we find that

there is an infraction of principles of natural justice, we have to address

a further question as to whether any purpose would be served in remitting

the case to the authority to make fresh demand of amount recoverable, only

after issuing notice to show cause to the appellant. In the facts of the

present case, we find that such an exercise would be totally futile having

regard to the law laid down by this Court in R.C. Tobacco (supra).

To recapitulate the events, the appellant was accorded certain benefits

under Notification dated July 08, 1999. This Notification stands nullified

by Section 154 of the Act of 2003, which has been given retrospective

effect. The legal consequence of the aforesaid statutory provision is that

the amount with which the appellant was benefitted under the aforesaid

Notification becomes refundable. Even after the notice is issued, the

appellant cannot take any plea to retain the said amount on any ground

whatsoever as it is bound by the dicta in R.C. Tobacco (supra). Likewise,

even the officer who passed the order has no choice but to follow the dicta

in R.C. Tobacco (supra). It is important to note that as far as

quantification of the amount is concerned, it is not disputed at all. In

such a situation, issuance of notice would be an empty formality and we are

of the firm opinion that the case stands covered by 'useless formality

theory'.

In Escorts Farms Ltd. (Previously known as M/s. Escorts Farms (Ramgarh)

Ltd.) v. Commissioner, Kumaon Division, Nainital, U.P. & Ors.[24], this

Court, while reiterating the position that rules of natural justice are to

be followed for doing substantial justice, held that, at the same time, it

would be of no use if it amounts to completing a mere ritual of hearing

without possibility of any change in the decision of the case on merits.

It was so explained in the following terms:

“64. Right of hearing to a necessary party is a valuable right. Denial of

such right is serious breach of statutory procedure prescribed and

violation of rules of natural justice. In these appeals preferred by the

holder of lands and some other transferees, we have found that the terms of

government grant did not permit transfers of land without permission of the

State as grantor. Remand of cases of a group of transferees who were not

heard, would, therefore, be of no legal consequence, more so, when on this

legal question all affected parties have got full opportunity of hearing

before the High Court and in this appeal before this Court. Rules of

natural justice are to be followed for doing substantial justice and not

for completing a mere ritual of hearing without possibility of any change

in the decision of the case on merits. In view of the legal position

explained by us above, we, therefore, refrain from remanding these cases in

exercise of our discretionary powers under Article 136 of the Constitution

of India.”

Therefore, on the facts of this case, we are of the opinion that non-

issuance of notice before sending communication dated June 23, 2003 has not

resulted in any prejudice to the appellant and it may not be feasible to

direct the respondents to take fresh action after issuing notice as that

would be a mere formality.

With this we advert to the last submission of Mr. Sorabjee that the

judgment in R.C. Tobacco (supra) (which is a two Judge Bench decision) is

in conflict with the three Judge Bench judgment in J.K. Cotton (supra).

This argument is not even open to the appellant for the simple reason that

the judgment in J.K. Cotton (supra) was specifically taken note of and

discussed in R.C. Tobacco (supra). Paragraph 13 of the judgment in R.C.

Tobacco (supra) would reflect that the appellant therein had specifically

relied upon the judgment in J.K. Cotton (supra) in support of the

submission that retrospectivity was harsh and excessive since there is, in

fact, a retrospective imposition of excise duty. It was also argued that

justification of such retrospective imposition of tax must be overwhelming

and no such overriding consideration had been disclosed. The submission

went to the extent of pleading that if the appellant is called upon to pay

the excise duty now it will cripple its unit. More pertinent was another

submission, which is relevant for our purpose, that the demand which was

raised could not be sustained as it was made without issuing any show-cause

notice and was in contravention of Section 11A of the Act. In support of

this view, few judgments, including J.K. Cotton (supra), were relied upon.

The Court, however, did not find any merit in the aforesaid submissions and

dealt with the issue as under, duly taking note of the judgment in J.K.

Cotton (supra):

“40. In J.K. Cotton Spg. & Wvg. Mills Ltd. v. Union of India, (1987) Supp.

SCC 350, relied upon by the petitioners, by virtue of the retrospective

amendment of Rules 9 and 49 of the Central Excise Rules in 1982,

commodities obtained at an intermediate stage of manufacture in a

continuous process were deemed to have been 'removed' within the meaning of

Rule 9(1) thereby making such intermediate products dutiable under the Act

with effect from the commencement of the Act i.e. 1944. In this context the

Court held that the amended Rules 9 and 49 would take effect subject to

Section 11-A. The decision is distinguishable. The circumstances in which

the Court held that the demands for duty could only be limited to six

months prior to the amendment was unquestionably different from those

present in the case before us. What we have to consider here is whether the

benefit granted in 1999 could be withdrawn in 2003. Besides, the Court in

J.K. Cotton Spg. & Wvg. Mills Ltd. case rejected the contention of the

Union of India that Section 51 of the 1982 Finance Act by which the

amendments were made to Rules 9 and 49 overrode the provisions of Section

11-A saying: (SCC p. 363, para 32) “if the intention of the legislature was

to nullify the effect of Section 11-A,.. the legislature would have

specifically provided for the same.” Similarly our decision in National

Agricultural Coop. Marketing Federation of India Ltd. v. Union of India,

(2003) 5 SCC 23 which dealt with an amendment to Section 80-P(2)(a)(iii) of

the Income Tax Act, 1961 noted that: (SCC p.35, para 29)

“The amendment does not seek to touch on the periods of limitation provided

in the Act, and in the absence of such express provision or clear

implication, the legislature clearly could not be taken to intend that the

amending provisions authorizes the Income Tax Officer to commence

proceedings which before the new Act came into force, had, by the expiry of

the period provided become barred".

In the present case Section 154(4) specifically and expressly allows

amounts to be recovered within a period of thirty days from the day Finance

Bill, 2003 received the assent of the President. It cannot but be held

therefore that the period of six months provided under Section 11-A would

not apply.”

40A) In the aforesaid scenario, when the Court was conscious of the

principle laid down in J.K. Cotton (supra) and explained the same in

a particular manner while deciding the appeal in R.C. Tobacco (supra), it

cannot be argued that the judgment in R.C. Tobacco (supra) runs contrary

to J.K. Cotton (supra).

For all these reasons, the appeals are dismissed.

.............................................J.

(A.K. SIKRI)

.............................................J.

(ROHINTON FALI NARIMAN)

NEW DELHI;

MAY 14, 2015.

-----------------------

[1]

(2005) 7 SCC 725

[2] (1987) Supp SCC 350

[3] (1995) 2 SCC 38

[4] (1978) 1 SCC 405 : AIR 1978 SC 851

[5] On 'Procedural Fairness' in Birks (ed), the Frontiers of Liability

(Volume One) (Oxford 1994)

[6] A Treatise of Judicial Evidence (London 1825)

[7] 'Procedural Fairness and the Duty of Respect', (198) 18 OJLS 497

[8] Judial Review of Administrative Action (1980), at page 161

[9] Administrative Law (1977), at page 395

[10] (1863) 14 GB (NS)

[11] (1993) 4 SCC 727

[12] (1993) 1 SCC 78

[13] (1978) 1 SCC 248

[14] (1994) 5 SCC 566

[15] AIR 1962 SC 1893

[16] (1988) 3 SCC 348

[17] (1995) Supp 3 SCC 588

[18] (2003) 2 SCC 36

[19] 1988 (38) ELT 739 (SC) :: 1988 (19) ECR 569 (SC)

[20] (1971) 1 WLR 1578 at 1595

[21] (1980) 1 WLR 582 at 593

[22] 1943 AC 627

[23] (1970) 1SCC 121 : AIR 1970 SC 1039

[24] (2004) 4 SCC 281