PRIVY COUNCIL

Charles Edward Victor Seneviratne Corea

                                        Vs.

 Mahatantrigey Iseris Appuhamy and another
(Lords Macnaghten, CJ, Mersey and Robson. J)

                                        14.12.1914

                     JUDGMENT

Lord Macnaghten CJ.

1. This seems to be a very plain case.

2. The action out of which the appeal has arisen was an action for partition of certain
lands, part of the estate of one Elias Appuhamy of Galmuruwa, in the district of
Chilaw.

3. Elias died in July, 1878. He was never married and he died intestate. His heirs were
his brother Iseris and three sisters. Taking by descent the heirs took as tenants in
common in accordance with the provisions of Section 18 of the Partition Ordinance of
1863.

4. Elias came originally from Baddegama, in Galle district, about 120 miles from
Chilaw. His father and mother and the rest of his family lived there apparently in
somewhat humble circumstances. Elias prospered in Chilaw. After a time he was
joined by his brother Iseris, who says that he left home alone when he was ten years
old, though he was probably three or four years older at the time. The two brothers
kept a shop or store in Chilaw, in which they seem to have been jointly interested. But
it is admitted that the lands in question in this action were the separate property of
Elias.

5. At the time when Elias died, Iseris was in gaol. under sentence of imprisonment for
assault and robbery.

6. The property being thus left derelict, possession was taken by officials of the
District Court. It must be presumed that such possession was taken for the benefit of
the persons rightfully entitled.
7. Iseris came out of gaol in December, 1878. Thereupon, or soon afterwards, he
entered into possession of the intestate's lands. The circumstances under which the
officials of the Court relinquished possession in his favour do not appear in evidence.
It seems, however, to be immaterial whether there was an order of the Court on the
subject or whether the officials who must have known who Iseris was, and must have
been aware of his relationship to the intestate, retired in his favour without any
specific directions. The Trial Judge says that they were "ejected" by Iseris, but no
statement or suggestion to that effect is to be found in the evidence.

8. Some time after the death of Elias two of his sisters made their way to Chilaw. They
seem to have been kindly treated by Iseris, who gave them small sums of money from
time to time and allowed them to obtain provisions from his shop without payment.
Indeed, one of the sisters named Balohamy lived for a long time in a house on
Medawatta, which was one of the plots or parcels of land belonging to Elias and part
of his estate.

9. In 1907 Iseris by deed settled the intestate's land on his son, reserving a life estate.
This action on the part of Iseris was the talk of the neighborhood. Balohamy, who was
then the only survivor of the three sisters, became alarmed. Lawyers were consulted.
Under their advice Balohamy brought an action for partition against Iseris. The action
was confined to Medawatta, on the score, it was said, of expense, in order to save the
stamp or fee which would have been payable if the whole estate had been the subject
of the action. Then Iseris turned her out of her home. Being without means, Balohamy
and other co-proprietors in the same interest sold their rights or claims to the plaintiff
Corea, who was Balohamy's legal adviser and advocate. He brought this action against
Iseris. Iseris' son was afterwards made a party to the action.

10. Iseris in his defence claimed the benefit of Ordinance No. 22 of 1871 entitled "An
Ordinance to amend the laws regulating the prescription of actions."

11. It is not disputed that by that Ordinance, or by an earlier Ordinance of 1834 which
was repealed by the Ordinance of 1871, the old law was swept away. The whole law
of limitation is now contained in the Ordinance of 1871.

12. Section 3 enacts that -

       "proof of the undisturbed and uninterrupted possession by a defendant in any
       action...of lands or immovable property by a title adverse to or independent of
       that of the claimant or plaintiff in such action...for ten years previous to the
       bringing of such action shall entitle the defendant to a decree in his favour with
       costs."
13. The section explains what is meant by undisturbed and uninterrupted possession.
It is

       "possession unaccompanied by payment of rent or produce, or performance of
       service or duty or by any other act by the possessor from which an
       acknowledgment of a right existing in another person would fairly and naturally
       be inferred."
14. Then follows an analogous provision in favour of a plaintiff claiming to be quieted
in possession of lands or other immovable property under similar circumstances.

15. In the present action the plaintiff Corea offered some evidence tending to prove
that Iseris took out administration to Elias. There certainly was a testamentary case in
the District Court relating to the intestate's estate. But the record of the case is
missing, and it is not clear whether the case was concerned with an application by
Officials of the Court or with an application by Iseris for administration. The District
Judge held that it was not proved that Iseris took out administration to his brother's
estate.

16. The plaintiff also endeavored to prove that Iseris had acknowledged the title of his
co-proprietors within ten years of the commencement of the action. On this point, also,
the District Judge was against the plaintiff.

17. Their Lordships accept the decision of the District Judge on these two points. In
their Lordships' opinion they are not material to the real question at issue. Assuming
that the possession of Iseris has been undisturbed and uninterrupted since the date of
his entry, the question remains, Has he given proof as he was bound to do, of adverse
or independent title? His title certainly was not independent. The title was common to
Iseris and to his three sisters. On the death of Elias, his heirs had unity of title as well
as unity of possession. Then comes the question, was the possession of Iseris adverse?
The District Judge held that Iseris "entered in the character of sole heir or plunderer,"
"Whichever it was," says the learned judge, "so he continued, and acknowledged no
title in any one else. He has acquired a good prescriptive title." It is difficult to
understand why it should be suggested that Iseris may have entered as "plunderer." He
was not without his faults. He is described by the learned judge, who decided in his
favour, as "a convicted forger and thief," and "expert not only in crime and
incarceration but also in perjury." But it is perhaps going too far to hold that he was so
fond of crooked ways and so bent on doing wrong that he may have scorned to take
advantage of a good legal title and may have preferred to masquerade as a robber or a
bandit and to drive away the officers of the Court in that character. It is not a likely
story. But would such conduct, were it conceivable, have profited him? Entering into
possession, and having a lawful title to enter, he could not divest himself of that title
by pretending that he had no title at all. His title must have ensured for the benefit of
his co-proprietors. The principle recognized by Wood, V. C. in Thomas v Thomas1
holds good : "Possession is never considered adverse if it can be referred to a lawful
title."

18. The two learned judges in the Court of Appeal did not adopt in its entirety the
suggestion of the trial judge. They both held that Iseris entered as "sole heir", and that
his title has been adverse ever since he entered. They held that he entered as "sole
heir," apparently because he had it in his mind from the first to cheat his sisters. But is
such a conclusion possible in law? His possession was in law the possession of his co
owners. It was not possible for him to put an end to that possession by any secret
intention in his mind. Nothing short of ouster or something equivalent to ouster could
bring about that result. There is no provision in the Ordinance of 1871 analogous to
the enactment contained in Section 12 of the Statute of Limitations, 3 and 4 Will. 4, c.
27, which makes the title of persons "entitled as co-parceners, joint tenants or tenants
in common" separate from the date of entry. Before that Act was passed it was a
settled rule of law that the possession of any one of such persons was the possession of
the other or others of the co-proprietors. It was not disputed at the Bar that such is now
the law in Ceylon.

19. The learned Counsel for the respondent, who argued the case with perfect candour,
and said all that could be said on behalf of the client, did not, of course, question the
principle on which Wood, V.C. relied in Thomas v. Thomas. His submission was that
the Court might presume from Iseris' long continued possession undisturbed and
uninterrupted as it was that there had been an ouster or something equivalent to ouster.
No doubt in former times before the statute of William IV., when the justice of the
case seemed to require it, juries were sometimes directed that they might presume an
ouster. But in the present case the learned judge did not make any presumption of that
sort. Nor, indeed, did Iseris before this action was brought attempt to rely on adverse
possession. His pretence was that he was sole heir. In the first partition action he
swore that he did not know the name of his father or that of his mother. He swore that
Balohamy was only a cousin; he knew nothing he said about his family except that he
was the only brother of Elias. For this audacious statement he was indicted for perjury
at the instance of the Judge. He was convicted and sentenced to fine and
imprisonment. The Judge who pronounced sentence observed,

       "It is clear that he was determined to prove that he was the sole heir and
       strenuously to deny anything that might count against him."
20. Be that as it may, this is not a case in which the circumstances could justify the
presumption of ouster in favor of such a man as Iseris.

21. Their Lordships will therefore humbly advise His Majesty that the appeal should
be allowed, the judgment of the Supreme Court and the judgment of the District Judge
set aside, with costs in both Courts, and a decree made for partition of the lands which
on the death of Elias passed by descent to his heirs. The respondents will pay the costs
of the appeal.

Appeal allowed.

Cases Referred

   1. 2 K. and J. 79