2021 INSC 0632 1 Reportable IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION Criminal Appeal No . 1202 of 2021 (Arising out of SLP (Crl) No. 5786 of 2021) Prashant Singh Rajput .... Appellant Versus The State of Madhya Pradesh and Anr. .... Respondent s With Criminal Appeal No . 1203 of 2021 (Arising out of SLP (Crl) No. 5788 of 2021) PART B 9 deceased- Vikas Singh and the appellant on 30 September 2020 under Sections 294, 506, 323, 324 and 34 of the IPC . In the cross -FIR , he alleged that the crime took place between 12.45 pm to 1 pm on 29 September 2020. He alleged that he was being driven by his driver Babloo when he came across the deceased-Vikas Singh and the appellant near Negai Tiraha. There, the deceased -Vikas Singh allegedly started recording a video, told him he belonged to the sand mafia and started abusing him. When he allegedly asked him to stop, the appellant is alleged to have assaulted him with a lathi on the left side of his head above the ear which started bleeding, while the deceased- Vikas Singh starting assaulting him with kicks and punches. He alleges that this is when he fired his registered firearm – a 0.22 rifle – at Vikas Singh, which hit him i n his stomach and head. The appellant allegedly then hit his hand with the lathi , due to which the butt and barrel of the gun broke apart and blood started oozing from his left hand. Allegedly, he then managed to ru n away from the spot with his driver Babl oo. 9 During the investigation of the present incident, Jogendr a Singh had filed an application for anticipatory bail i n the crime registered against him under Section 379 of the IPC for stealing sand. By its order dated 8 October 2020, the High Court rejected the application, while noting that the objector (deceased- Vikas Singh) in the application had been murdered, in which Jogendr a Singh was one of the individuals who had been named as an accused in the FIR. The High Court had held: “This case has t ranscended and gone beyond a simple case for anticipatory bail in a case of theft of sand. Subsequently, during the pendency of this application the objector has been PART B 10 murdered in which the applicant herein has been named as an accused and there are eyewitness testimony which speak about his presence at the scene of occurrence and also his participation in pulling back the deceased when the deceased tried to run away and saved his life. Be that as it may, this court refrains from passing any observations on the merits of Crime No. 329/2020 as the same is not before this court. But at the same time, this court cannot close its eyes to the fact that the objector in this case has been murdered and the case has taken a far more serious turn and is no more merely restricted to a case of theft of sand. Under the circumstances, this may be a case that would require custodia I interrogation as far as Crime No.720/2020 is concerned and, therefore, the application is dismissed.” Thereafter, Jogendr a Singh withdrew his application altogether , seeking to move an application for regular bail under Section 439 of the CrPC , which was recorded by the High Court in its final order dated 7 January 2021. 10 In the final report submitted on 15 December 2020 under Section 173 of the CrPC , Ujiyar Singh and Chandrabhan Singh were named as accused, but Jog endr a Singh and Suryabhan Singh were stated to have had no role in the death of Vikas Singh since they were in Jabalpur , 40 km away from the spot where the incident occurred. The report is stated to have been based on: (i) Call Data Records 8, Tower Mapping and Public Switched Telephone Network 9 data from Jog endr a Singh and Sur yabhan Singh’ s mobile phones; (ii) CCTV footage; and (iii) statements of independent witnesses confirming their presence in Jabalpur. 8 “CDRs ” 9 “PSTN ” PART B 11 11 The appellant and other family members of the deceased- Vikas Singh filed a protest petition. By an order dated 13 January 2021, t he Judicial Magistrate First Class , Siroha 10 direct ed a further investigation, for the following reasons: (i) the investigating officer’s r eport focused more on the CCTV footage and witness statements proving Jogendra Singh and Sur yabhan Singh’ s presence in Jabalpur, rather than the witness statements of the appellant and other eye- witnesses who noted their presence at the spot where the crime occurred; (ii) the CCTV footage obtained by the police of the s cene of crime was from 1.00 pm to 5.00 pm , while the appellant ’s FIR and even Ujiyar Singh’s FIR place the time of the incident between 12 noon and 1 pm and 12.45 pm and 1.00 pm respectively: (iii) the police had not checked the CCTV footage of the roads between the place where the incident took place and Jabalpur; (iv) there were inconsistencies between the statement of Ujiyar Singh and his FIR; (v) Jog endr a Singh’s fingerprints had not been obtained from the jeep (which he was alleged to be driving); and (vi) Sur yabhan Singh’s finger prints had not been lifted from Ujiyar Singh’s gun. 12 The investigating officer then filed a supplementary challan on 8 March 2021 indicating that on the basis of the further investigation directed by the JMFC, evidence had emerged showing the involvement of Ujiyar Singh and Chandrabhan Singh in the death of Vikas Singh. Hence, in the order dated 10 March 2021, the JMFC observed that the investigating officer had conducted an investigation only against Ujiyar Singh and Chandrabhan Singh, and had not properly considered the 10 “JMFC ” PART B 12 accusations against Suryabhan Singh and Jogendr a Singh. Both of them were thus summoned. 13 Jogendr a Singh and Suryabhan Singh then filed applications for anticipatory bail 11. By separate orders dated 24 March 2021, the trial C ourt rejected their applications while noting that: (i) the earlier order dated 13 January 2021 of the JMFC had adverted to the omission s of the investigating officer ; (ii) the investigating officer relied upon CDRs but did not ascertain if Jog endr a Singh and Suryabhan Singh even used those numbers or whether they were just registered in their name ; and (iii) the witness statements under Sections 161 and 164 of the CrPC assign them a specific role , which cannot be overlooked only because of a prior enmity between the deceased- Vikas Singh and the accused persons. 14 Jogendr a Singh and Suryabhan Singh then moved the High Court in applications 12 for anticipatory bail . The High Court allowed the applications on 1 July 2021 and 31 May 2021 respectively. The orders of the High Court are in question before this Court . 11 Bail Application No 89 of 2021 and Bail Application No 88 of 2021 12 MCRC No 31835 of 2021 and MCRC No 18604 of 2021 PART C 13 C Submissions 15 Assailing the judgment of the Single Judge of the High Court, M r Uday Gupta, learned Counsel appearing on behalf of the appellant has urged the following submissions: (i) The Single Judge relied exclusively upon the report of the i nvestigating officer to hold that Jog endr a Singh and Suryabhan Singh could not have been present at the spot where the incident occurred and that the veracity of the report could not be called into question at this stage; (ii) The Single Judge ignored the observations in the order of the JMFC dated 13 January 2021 and in the subsequent order of the trial C ourt dated 24 March 2021, which indicate that the investigation conducted by the i nvestigating officer ignored vital circumstances pertaining to the crime; (iii) The Single Judge ignored the FIR and the statements of the appellant and the other eye- witnesses according to which Jog endr a Singh and Sur yabhan Singh were present at the spot since the four accused had come together in a jeep, and each had specific role in the crime: (a) Jog endr a Singh was driv ing the jeep and then held Vikas Singh while he was trying to escape after Ujiyar Singh had shot him in the abdomen, following which Ch andrabhan Singh shot him in the head; and (b ) Sur yabhan Singh assaulted the appellant with the butt of the rifle ; (iv) That another Single Judge of the High Court rejected the application for anticipatory bail filed by Jog endr a Singh even in the case registered PART C 14 against him for illegal sand mining on the complaint filed by the deceased- Vikas Singh, due to the nature of allegations against him in the present case ; and (v) The Single Judge has ignored the seriousness and gravity of the crime as well as material aspects and hence, this Court should cancel the anticipatory bail granted, in accordance with the principles laid down by this Court in Mahipal v. Rajesh Kumar 13 (“Mahipal ”). 16 Mr S K Gangele , learned Counsel appearing on behalf of Jog endr a Singh urged that : (i) The report filed by the investigating officer shows that Jogendr a Singh was not present at the spot whe re the incident occurred, but was in Jabalpur; (ii) The FIR registered at the behest of Ujiyar Singh provides an alternate explanation of the events leading to the death of Vikas Singh, a ccording to which Ujiyar Singh fired at the deceased since he and the appellant were threatening his life; and (iii) Ujiyar Singh’s FIR notes that his rifle was broken by the appellant and he was also injured by a lathi on his head and hand, both of which injuries have not been explained. 17 Mr R C Mishra, learned Senior Counsel appeared on behalf of Sur yabhan Singh, urged: 13 (2020) 2 SCC 118, para 16 PART C 15 (i) The FIR has been registered due to enmity between his family and the deceased- Vikas Singh who used to run a sand mafia against which his father, accused Ujiyar Singh, had complained. The deceased- Vikas Singh also had criminal antecedents ; (ii) The allegation that t he appellant suffered an injury on his head due to Suryabhan Singh assaulting him with the butt of the rifle is inconsistent with the nature of the injury, which is an abrasion ; and (iii) The FIR and the appellant’s statement under Section 161 of the CrPC do not make any allegation of Suryabhan Singh having fired at the appellant prior to hitting him with a gun, while his statement under Section 164 of the CrPC makes that claim for the first time. N o such empty cartridge has been found and only the bullets in body of the deceased- Vikas Singh have been recovered. 18 Mr Abhinav Srivastava, learned Counsel has appeared on behalf of the State of Madhya Pradesh, urged that the order granting anticipatory bail is unsustainable since: (i) The crime is of a serious nature; and (ii) As noted in JMFC’s order dated 13 January 2021, while Ujiyar Singh and Chandrabhan Singh had been arrested and kept in judicial custody, Jog endr a Singh and Sur yabhan Singh continued to abscond. 19 The rival submissions now fall for our consideration. PART D 16 D Analysis 20 The FIR attributes specific roles to both Jog endr a Singh and Suryabhan Singh in the commission of the crime. T he statement of the appellant under Section 161 of the CrPC adverts to the following: (i) that Ujiyar Singh would take sand illegally min ed through the land on which he was cultivating along with the deceased -Vikas Singh; (ii) when they told Ujiyar Singh to desist, he took offence and filed false complaints against the deceased- Vikas Singh; (iii) on 29 September 2020, the deceased- Vikas Singh and the appellant went to Negai Tiraha in the vehicle of the deceased -Vikas Singh and reached there at about 1.00 pm , where they met the two other s (Rajkishore Rajput and Dharmendra Patel); (iv) the four accused persons ( Ujiyar Singh, Ch andrabhan Singh, Sur yabhan Singh and Jogendr a Singh) arrived in a jeep being driven by Jog endr a Singh; (v) Vikas Singh received a call and started moving towards Negai Road when Ujiyar Singh shot him in the abdomen; (vi) when Vikas Singh tried to flee, Jog endr a Singh caught hold of him while Ch andrabhan Singh took the gun from Ujiyar Singh and shot him in the head; (vii) Sur yabhan Singh took the gun from Chandrabhan Singh and assaulted the appellant on the head using the butt of the gun; (viii) one Nilesh Gotia came around in his car and saw them, following which the appellant and the other two individuals took Vikas Singh to a hospital in Nilesh’s car, from where they transferred him to the medical college in an ambulance, where he was pronounced dead; and (ix) the police arrived at the medical college, following which the appellant registered his complaint. PART D 17 21 The material at this stage cannot be examined with a fine toothcomb in the manner of a criminal trial. What needs to be determined is whether the parameters for the grant of anticipatory bail were correctly formulated and applied by the Single Judge. The line of submission of the counsel for the accused persons dwells on some variance between the statement s of the appellant under Section 161 and S ection 164 of the CrPC, namely : (i) that the appellant and the deceased reached the Negai Tiraha around 12.15 pm, and not 1.00 pm; and (ii) after Vikas Singh was shot i n the head by Chandrabhan S ingh, Sur yabhan Singh first shot at the appellant but the shot went above his head. Thereafter, Sur yabhan Singh hit him in the head with the butt of t he gun , following which the handle of the rifle broke and fell there. 22 The statement of Rajkishore Rajput , an eye-witness, under Section 164 of the CrPC mentions that : (i) on 29 September 2020, the deceased- Vikas Singh came to his house at 9 am and told him to meet him at Negai Tiraha; (ii) he reached Negai Tiraha with Dharmender Patel at 12 noon, following which the deceased- Vikas Singh arrived in his vehicle with the appellant ; and (iii) after committing the murder of the Vikas Singh, the four accused left in the ir jeep. 23 The statement of Dharmender Patel , another eye-witness, under Section 164 of the CrPC, mentions that when he reached N egai Tiraha, he saw Rajkishore Rajput who informed him that the deceased- Vikas Singh was about to arrive. Other than that , his statement accords with those of the appellant and Rajk ishore Rajput under Section 164. PART D 18 D.1 Cancellation of Anticipatory Bail 24 In a recent judgment of a two Judge Bench of this Court in Mahipal (supra), this Court noted the difference in the approach that this Court must adopt while considering a challenge to an order which has granted bail and an application for cancelling the bail granted. The Court held: “16. The considerations that guide the power of an appellate court in assessing the correctness of an order granting bail stand on a different footing from an assessment of an application for the cancellation of bail. The correctness of an order granting bail is tested on the anvil of whether there was an improper or arbitrary exercise of the discretion in the grant of bail. The test is whether the order granting bail is perverse, illegal or unjustified. On the other hand, an application for cancellation of bail is generally examined on the anvil of the existence of supervening circumstances or violations of the conditions of bail by a person to whom bail has been granted. In Neeru Yadav v. State ofU.P. [Neeru Yadav v. State of U.P., (2014) 16 SCC 508 : (2015) 3 SCC (Cri) 527] , the accused was granted bail by the High Court [Mitthan Yadav v. State of U.P., 2014 SCC OnLine All 16031] . In an appeal against the order [Mitthan Yadav v. State of U.P., 2014 SCC OnLine All 16031] of the High Court, a two- Judge Bench of this Court surveyed the precedent on the principles that guide the grant of bail. Dipak Misra, J. (as the learned Chief Justice then was ) held: (Neeru Yadav case [Neeru Yadav v. State of U.P., (2014) 16 SCC 508 : (2015) 3 SCC (Cri) 527] , SCC p. 513, para 12) “12. … It is well settled in law that cancellation of bail after it is granted because the accused has misconducted himself or of so me supervening circumstances warranting such cancellation have occurred is in a different compartment altogether than an order granting bail which is unjustified, illegal and perverse. If in a case, the relevant factors which should have been taken into co nsideration while dealing with the application for bail have not been taken note of, or bail is founded on irrelevant considerations, indisputably the superior court can set aside the order of such a grant of bail. Such a case belongs to a different catego ry and is in a separate realm. While dealing with a PART D 19 case of the second nature, the Court does not dwell upon the violation of conditions by the accused or the supervening circumstances that have happened subsequently. It, on the contrary, delves into the j ustifiability and the soundness of the order passed by the Court.” 17. Where a court considering an application for bail fails to consider relevant factors, an appellate court may justifiably set aside the order granting bail. An appellate court is thus re quired to consider whether the order granting bail suffers from a non -application of mind or is not borne out from a prima facie view of the evidence on record. It is thus necessary for this Court to assess whether, on the basis of the evidentiary record, there existed a prima facie or reasonable ground to believe that the accused had committed the crime, also taking into account the seriousness of the crime and the severity of the punishment …” (emphasis supplied ) 25 In another decision in Dr. Naresh Kumar Mangla v. Anita Agarwal and Others 14 a three Judge Bench of this Court cancelled the anticipatory bai l granted to the accused, following the unnatural death of his wife. The Court surveyed the authorities on the grant of anticipatory bail and held: “19. In the recent decision of the Constitution Bench in Sushila Aggarwal v. State (NCT of Delhi) [(2020) 5 SCC 1], the considerations which ought to weigh with the Court in deciding an application for the grant of anticipatory bail have been reiterated. The final conclusions of the Court indicate that: “ …. 92.3…While considering an application (for grant of anticipatory bail) the court has to consider the nature of the offence, the role of the person, the likelihood of his influencing the course of investigation, or tampering with evidence (including intimidating witnesses), likelihood of fleeing justice (such as leaving the country), etc. 14 2020 SCC OnLine SC 1031 PART D 20 92.4. Courts ought to be generally guided by considerations such as the nature and gravity of the offences, the role attributed to the applicant, and the facts of the case, while considering whether to grant anticipatory bail, or refuse it. Whether to grant or not is a matter of discretion; equally whether and if so, what kind of special conditions are to be imposed (or not imposed) are dependent on facts of the case, and subject to the discretion of the court.” 20. The Constitution Bench has reiterated that the correctness of an order granting bail is subject to assessment by an appellate or superior court and it may be set aside on the ground that the Court granting bail did not consider material facts or crucial circumstances … […] 22. It is apposite to mention here the distinction between the considerations which guide the grant of anticipatory bail and regular bail. In Pokar Ram v. State of Rajasthan [(1985) 2 SCC 597], while setting aside an order granting anticipatory bail, this Court observed: “ …Says the learned Chief Justice that in regard to anticipatory bail, if the proposed accusation appears to stem not from motives o f furthering the ends of justice but from some ulterior motive, the object being to injure and humiliate the applicant by having him arrested, a direction for the release of the applicant on bail in the event of his arrest would generally be made. It was o bserved that “it cannot be laid down as an inexorable rule that anticipatory bail cannot be granted unless the proposed accusation appears to be actuated by mala fides; and, equally, that anticipatory bail must be granted if there is no fear that the appli cant will abscond”. Some of the relevant considerations which govern the discretion, noticed therein are “the nature and seriousness of the proposed charges, the context of the events likely to lead to the making of the charges, a reasonable possibility of the applicant's presence not being secured at the trial, a reasonable apprehension that witnesses will be tampered with and ‘the larger interests of the public or the State’, are some of the considerations which the court has to keep in mind while deciding an application for anticipatory bail”. A caution was voiced that “in the evaluation of the consideration whether the applicant is likely to abscond, there can be no presumption that the wealthy and the mighty will submit themselves to trial and that the humble PART D 21 and the poor will run away from the course of justice, any more than there can be a presumption that the former are not likely to commit a crime and the latter are more likely to commit it.”” 26 Let us now consider these principles in the context of the facts of the present case. Both the sides have presented their point -of -view in relation to the enmity which existed between the deceased- Vikas Singh and the family of Ujiyar Singh. However, we are not required to adjudicate on whether it was the deceas ed-Vikas Singh or Ujiyar Singh who was mining sand illegally; rather, it is sufficient to note that previous enmity did exist between both, whoever be the instigator. 27 In relation to the present incident, the appellant’s case is supported by the FIR, his s tatements under Sections 161 and 164 of the CrPC, and the statements of the other two eye- witnesses under Section 164 of the CrPC. On the other hand, Jog endr a Singh and Suryabhan Singh rely on the counter FIR filed by Ujiyar Singh according to which they were not present at the scene of crime and Ujiyar Singh shot the deceased- Vikas Singh in self-defense. T he orders of the JMFC dated 13 January 2021 and 10 March 2021 advert to the contents of the FIR registered at the behest of the appellant. The investigating officer ’s first report dated 15 December 2020 indicated that there was a prima facie case against Ujiyar Singh and Ch andrabhan Singh. The supplementary challan dated 8 March 2021 indicates that more material had emerged during the course of investigation as against the events portrayed in the FIR registered at the behest of Ujiyar Singh. Hence, the case PART D 22 portrayed by the appellant could not have been ignored by solely relying on the counter -FIR. 28 The High Court has placed reliance upon the report submitted under Section 173 of the CrPC on 15 December 2020 to hold that Jogendr a Singh and Suryabhan Singh were not present when the incident occurred. However, the High Court has not addressed the clear deficiencies in the course of the investigation which have been highlighted in the order of the JMFC dated 13 February 2021 and the trial Court’s order dated 24 March 2021. These are, inter alia: (i) the failure to notice eye- witness statements; (ii) rel iance on CCTV footage for the period of time after incident had occurred, ignoring prior or contemporaneous footage; (iii) not collecting CCTV footage between Jabalpur and the scene of offence; (iv) relying on CDRs without determining if Jog endr a Singh and Suryabhan Singh had actually used the number; and (v) not conducting any finger print analysis. In th e order dated 13 February 2021, the JMFC identified these deficiencies with the investigation and directed further investigation. Upon the submission of the supplementary challan, the JMFC noted in t heir order dated 10 March 2021 that the challan was only in relation to Ujiyar Singh and Chandrabhan Singh, and did not address the role of Jog endr a Singh and Suryabhan Singh. The obvious deficiencies in the investigation have pointed out the errors in the trial Court’s order dated 24 March 2021 reject ing Jog endr a Singh and Suryabhan Singh’s applications for anticipatory bail. T he Single Judge has, however, overlooked these crucial aspects . PART D 23 29 Finally, it has also been argued on behalf of Sur yabhan Singh that while the appellant ’s statement under Section 164 of the CrPC is that Suryabhan Singh also shot at the appellant , the FIR and his statement under Section 161 of the CrPC only record that he hit him with the butt of the gun. The trial is yet to take place where the evidence adduced by the prosecution will be appreciated, and the veracity of appellant’s claim in his statement under Section 164 can be determined there . However, at the present stage, the FIR and both the appellant’s statements under Section 161 and 164 are consistent in as much as that Sur yabhan Singh did hit him in his head with the butt of the gun. An argument has also been raised in relation to the nature of the injury caused to the appellant, but this has to be decided at the stage of trial after evidence has been led. 30 The Court has to determine whether on the basis of the material available at this stage, the High Court has applied the correct principles in allowing the applications for anticipatory bail . The offence is of a serious nature in which Vikas Singh was murdered. The FIR and the statements under Sections 161 and 164 of the CrPC indic ate a specific role to Jog endr a Singh and Suryabhan Singh in the crime. The order granting anticipatory bail has ignored material aspects, including the nature and gravity of the offence, and the specific allegations against Jog endr a Singh and Suryabhan Singh. Hence, a sufficient case has been made out for cancelling the anticipatory bail granted by the High Court. PART E 24 E Conclusion 31 Therefore, the appeals are allowed . The impugned judgment s dated 1 July 2021 and 31 May 2021 of the Single Judge of the High Court of Madhya Pradesh granting anticipatory bail to Jogendr a Singh and Sur yabhan Singh – the second respondents in these appeals – are set aside . 32 Pending applications, if any, also stand disposed of . ……….….....................................................J. [Dr Dhananjaya Y Chandrachud] .…..….….....................................................J. [B V Nagarathna] New Delhi; Octo ber 08, 2021